Salmonella Poisoning Symptoms and Treatment
Salmonella Poisoning is known medically as salmonellosis, this major type of food poisoning is caused by bacteria that multiply rapidly at room temperatures. Every year about four million cases of salmonellosis are reported in the United States. Children are the most likely to get salmonellosis, and young children are among those most likely to have severe infections. Experts estimate that about 600 people die each year with acute salmonellosis.
Salmonellosis is very common in this country; bonemeal, fertilizer, and pet foods all may be implicated in the spread of the disease. In particular, recent outbreaks have been linked to chickens and eggs; it is estimated that 35 percent of all chickens in processing plants harbor the bacteria. The largest outbreak ever recorded occurred in 1994 and involved more than 200,000 Americans. In this case, commercially pasteurized ice cream premix was contaminated by bacteria during transport to a Minnesota ice cream plant in tanker trailers that had previously carried nonpasteurized liquid eggs. The outbreak ended only after sales of the ice cream were stopped.
Rotavirus Symptoms and Treatment
Rotavirus is the common name for a family of viruses that share several features (Reoviridae). The group A rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children, striking 130 million people a year. It causes a diarrhea so severe that 870,000 children die from this virus around the world every year. While few U.S. children die, the disease still sends 50,000 of them to the hospital every year.
If an infant or toddler develops diarrhea in the winter, there is a good chance that a rotavirus is the culprit. By age four, most people have been infected and developed antibodies to the virus. While the disease is not particularly deadly in the United States among children with healthy immune systems, rotavirus in the developing world is often fatal because the children are already malnourished when they become infected. In the United States, the chance a child will be hospitalized with rotavirus is one in 40, and one in every 800 hospitalized children will die. The rotavirus season begins in late fall and ends in the spring.
Vaccinations For Children
At one to two months of age the baby will probably receive the second dose of the hepatitis B vaccine (the first was probably given just after birth.) At two months (and again at four months), the baby will be given several vaccines:
• diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine
• Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine
• polio vaccine
Some of these safeguards against serious childhood illnesses can cause reactions (usually mild), such as fever or irritability. Parents should discuss side effects with the doctor and obtain guidelines for what to do if there are any reactions.
Four to Seven Months
From four to seven months is a time of incredibly rapid growth. In addition to continuing concerns about eating and sleeping, parents may begin to wonder whether the child is growing and developing properly. During this stage, the doctor will monitor the baby’s progress and answer any questions. The doctor will probably want to see the baby at four months and at six months, although this may differ from one doctor to the next. Of course, if there has been any problem in the past, the doctor may want to schedule extra visits. Well-baby visits vary from doctor to doctor, but may include:
• length, weight, and head circumference measurements (baby’s growth will be plotted on his own growth chart)
• physical exam
• check of the baby’s soft spots (the fontanelles) at the top and back of the head
• examination of the baby’s mouth for signs of teething
Antihistamines
A family of drugs used to treat allergic conditions, such as itching and hives. The drugs work by blocking the action of histamine, a chemical that is released during an allergic reaction. Examples of antihistamines include diphenhydramine, promethazine, terfenadine, and chlorpheniramine.
Without treatment, histamine dilates small blood vessels, causing redness and swelling; antihistamines block this effect, while preventing the irritation of nerve fibers that would otherwise cause itching. Antihistamines are the most effective treatment for hives.
Antidiarrheal Drugs
Medications that treat diarrhea. The drug loperamide (Imodium A-D) slows the passage of stools through the intestines. Adsorbents such as attapulgite (Kaopectate) pull diarrhea- causing substances from the digestive tract. Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) decreases the secretion of fluid into the intestine and inhibits the activity of bacteria. It not only controls diarrhea but also relieves the cramps that often accompany diarrhea.
Patients should not use antidiarrheal drugs for more than two days unless told to do so by a doctor. Bismuth subsalicylate may cause the tongue or the stool to temporarily darken harmlessly. Children with flu or CHICKEN POX should not be given bismuth subsalicylate because it can lead to REYE’S SYNDROME, a life-threatening condition that affects the liver and central nervous system. Children may have unpredictable reactions to other antidiarrheal drugs; loperamide should not be given to children under six, and attapulgite should not be given to children under three years, unless directed by a physician.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an emotional condition that often occurs after direct or indirect exposure to a terrifying event in which a child witnessed or actually experienced physical harm. Traumatic events that can cause post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) include violent assaults, physical or sexual abuse, shootings, natural disasters, or car accidents. One out of 13 Americans will develop PTSD during their lifetime, which is especially common among girls and women, who are about twice as likely as boys or men to develop PTSD.
This may be due to the fact that girls and women tend to experience domestic violence, rape, or abuse more often. Most children with PTSD try to avoid any reminders or thoughts of the trauma, but despite this, they often reexperience the ordeal in intense flashbacks, memories, nightmares, or frightening thoughts. Feelings of guilt from surviving an event in which friends or family died is also often a common feature of PTSD.
Any traumatic event can cause this disorder. Children under age 10 and teenagers through age 21 are more susceptible, beginning either as a sudden response to an event or a gradual development that can become chronic or persistent. Studies indicate that people who live with PTSD tend to have abnormal levels of key hormones involved in the stress response.
Port-wine Stains
A permanent purple-red birthmark that is present at birth and is usually found on the face. The birthmarks are usually sharply outlined and flat, although the surface may sometimes have a pebbly feel. They can range in size from a few millimeters to half the body’s surface. They increase in size proportionately as the child grows, becoming darker over time. Port-wine stains may appear alone or as part of a multi-system disorder such as STURGE-WEBER SYNDROME, which also features seizures and eye abnormalities.
Causes of Port-wine Stains
Recent research suggests that the blood vessels in port-wine stains have an abnormal nerve supply, which may account for their enlargement over time.
Diabetes Insipidus
Diabetes Insipidus, which is not due to insulin problems and is caused by problems with the pituitary gland in the skull, may be congenital or caused by a head trauma, infection or tumours, arising within or above the pituitary.
Symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus
- Thirst and excessive drinking
- Excessive urination
- Needs to get up overnight for urination
- May be signs and symptoms of lack of thyroid hormone, steroid hormone testosterone or oestrogen (leading to lack of periods for women)
- May be symptoms of hormone excess including thyroid hormone, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly
Categories
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